This reports by the NRC (Norwegian Refugee Council, 2010) expands on the analysis of an earlier NRC report entitled Southern Sudan 2010: Mitigating a Humanitarian Crisis (February 2010), in examining displacement and reintegration challenges in pre- and post-referendum Southern Sudan. Drawing on interviews and field visits conducted in Juba and Northern Bahr el Ghazal, and research and interviews conducted with key individuals in Khartoum during November 2010, the paper highlights the likelihood of (continued) significant population movement regardless of the outcome of January’s referendum, and warns that largescale displacement could occur if the southern right to seccession is denied.