Mpox is a zoonotic disease endemic in parts of West and Central Africa. But in recent years, the disease has spread widely, with more than 100,000 confirmed cases in over 120 countries.

The situation is so severe that the World Health Organization declared the mpox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in August 2024.

Public health emergencies like mpox can have a major impact on security risk management for humanitarian and development organisations. Misinformation and disinformation about the disease can influence community mistrust of NGOs. Likewise, when NGOs are perceived as prioritising public health initiatives, while leaving other community needs unmet, this can cause animosity that can turn to violence.

This new security brief builds on GISF’s extensive research and guidance developed during the COVID-19 pandemic. It explains how disease outbreaks can impact security. It also offers some guidance on how NGOs can adjust their approach to minimise security risks and avoid escalating community mistrust of aid organisations.

The information contained in this publication is for general information purposes only. Any reliance you place on such information is therefore strictly at your own risk. You should obtain professional or specialist advice before taking, or refraining from, any action based on the content of this information.