This paper by CSS (2011) gives a brief history of relations between Russia and the North Caucasus, including tactics by the Russian government to combat secessionist and more recently terrorist threats. This includes an examination of Medvedev’s modernisation policy, stating that it has failed to curb the growing network of activists. Lastly the paper outlines the external implications, specifically a strengthening arc from the North Caucasus through Central Asia to the Middle East. It also states how the events have resulted in an influx of refugees into Europe.