This paper by Matthias Wagner (2014) looks at how NGOs, governmental development agencies, humanitarian organizations and private companies are adjusting to complex contexts they are operating amidst.

While organizations or companies are legally responsible to ensure the safety and security of their staff they send overseas, they are often neither prepared for the challenging contexts nor do they have the necessary technical personnel and expertise to tackle present or emerging risks.

The author argues that the existence of an adequate risk management system is dependent on the development of a strong organizational culture attentive to security culture as sub-culture to ensure business continuity, minimize harm and fulfil social and legal responsibilities towards their employees.